Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) Critique

Free Essays on Controversy Of The Bomb

Controversy of the Bomb Criticism and praise have always followed the debate over the United States government’s decision to use atomic force in World War II. Depending on who is surveyed, one can get a variety of opinions. But the nature of the controversy, according to Ambrose and Brinkley, seems to be whether this atomic force was necessary to resolve World War II in the Pacific theater. In addition, the targets for the bomb were not even military targets, so the bomb would not have any effect on the military situation. If atomic force was necessary, why was the bomb dropped in such haste? Why hadn’t Truman waited to see how the Japanese government responded to the Russian declaration of war? Ambrose and Brinkley suggest several reasons, other than immediate military necessity, for using the bomb. Most of the high level officials that knew about the Manhattan project, including President Harry Truman and the scientists who developed it, simply regarded the atomic bomb as new military technology. Military leaders hadn’t hesitated to use recently developed napalm on air raids over Tokyo so the atomic bomb was considered, simply, as another easy option of force. Ambrose and Brinkley also suggest that many administrators felt deployment of the new weapon was the only justification to Congress and the public for spending two billion dollars on the research and development for it. Others felt that Japan needed to be punished for the surprise attack at Pearl Harbor and felt the atomic bomb would destroy enough so the American public would finally feel Pearl Harbor avenged. The use of the bomb would also allow Japan to save face to themselves and the world. The Japa nese army, prepared to fight to the death to avoid dishonor, would not consider surrendering even when Allied victory was eminent. The atomic bomb gave Japan a way out. No longer would surrender seem dishonorable against such a horrific weapon. Another ... Free Essays on Controversy Of The Bomb Free Essays on Controversy Of The Bomb Controversy of the Bomb Criticism and praise have always followed the debate over the United States government’s decision to use atomic force in World War II. Depending on who is surveyed, one can get a variety of opinions. But the nature of the controversy, according to Ambrose and Brinkley, seems to be whether this atomic force was necessary to resolve World War II in the Pacific theater. In addition, the targets for the bomb were not even military targets, so the bomb would not have any effect on the military situation. If atomic force was necessary, why was the bomb dropped in such haste? Why hadn’t Truman waited to see how the Japanese government responded to the Russian declaration of war? Ambrose and Brinkley suggest several reasons, other than immediate military necessity, for using the bomb. Most of the high level officials that knew about the Manhattan project, including President Harry Truman and the scientists who developed it, simply regarded the atomic bomb as new military technology. Military leaders hadn’t hesitated to use recently developed napalm on air raids over Tokyo so the atomic bomb was considered, simply, as another easy option of force. Ambrose and Brinkley also suggest that many administrators felt deployment of the new weapon was the only justification to Congress and the public for spending two billion dollars on the research and development for it. Others felt that Japan needed to be punished for the surprise attack at Pearl Harbor and felt the atomic bomb would destroy enough so the American public would finally feel Pearl Harbor avenged. The use of the bomb would also allow Japan to save face to themselves and the world. The Japa nese army, prepared to fight to the death to avoid dishonor, would not consider surrendering even when Allied victory was eminent. The atomic bomb gave Japan a way out. No longer would surrender seem dishonorable against such a horrific weapon. Another ...

Nursing art and science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nursing art and science - Essay Example ernational and national health care systems and facilities is bound to facilitate a better and improved cooperation and communication amongst the varied human elements of health care, impressively bettering the standards of patient care, a systematic accumulation of data on the part of the nursing professionals to assure a better evaluation of the end results of nursing care, a greater adherence on the part of the nursing professionals to the agreed upon standards of nursing care and a realistic and satisfactory assessment of nursing care, thereby pragmatically and positively impacting the overall visibility of nursing at a national and global level (who 2006). A formal recognition of the contribution of the achievements and contributions of the nurses in the running and management of health care facilities and institutions will not only boost the morale of the nursing professionals, but could also be positively be expected to address the problem of a severe shortage of qualified and skilled nurses across the developed world. Recognition of the difference made by the nursing professionals in the cause of health care will accord a salubrious visibility to the nursing profession, thereby encouraging and stimulating the potential candidates to affiliate to the cause of health care and service. A formal recognition of the contribution of the nursing professionals in the health care systems is a subject that is not merely confined to verbal declarations and speeches, but is rather something that solicits a practical implementation and actions in the varied aspects of health care. It calls for a commitment on the part of national and international health care bodies and institutions towards the training and retention of nursing professionals, helping them develop the appropriate skill mix and abilities, applicable at all levels, be it at the level of primary health care or at state of the art, high speciality institutions (WHO 2011). This calls for the extension of

Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Nursing - Assignment Example Emphasis is given on the need for the involvement of the government for the improvement of quality of healthcare services provided across Nigeria. The introduction of an effective healthcare system could help, according to Riman & Akpan (2012), to achieve the above target. The issue explored in the study of Riman & Akpan (2012) can be characterized as quite important. In fact, the lack of adequate funds has been, traditionally, a reason for failures in the delivery of healthcare services worldwide. The study of Riman & Akpan (2012) can be also used for identifying potential methods for keeping the quality of healthcare services in areas where the access to financing is problematic. The study of Riman & Akpan is well structured, at the level that subtitles have been used for making the content more coherent. At the same time, literature has been combined with empirical research in order to offer more accurate explanations in regard to its subject. It should be also noted that all aspects of the issue under examination are presented in detail helping the reader to understand the current status of healthcare financing in Nigeria and its effects on the quality of the country’s healthcare services. The resources used in the study have been carefully chosen, incorporating literature related to the study’s subject. As for the empirical research, this is based on a survey conducted among a particular category of the population, i.e. ‘women in child bearing age who already have a child’ (Riman & Akpan 2012, p.296). This means that the results of the survey can be used for understanding the performance of the country’s healthcare system in regard to a specific group of people. In the context of the research methods described above, the author’s conclusions can be characterized as legitimate, showing the relationship between healthcare financing and the quality of healthcare

Company overview of Indian coffee business

Company overview of Indian coffee business This case study analyses and discusses the Indian company Cafà © Coffee Day, its Marketing Mix and entry mode to the UK. My research aims to explore the cafà © coffee days background, marketing mix, and the success strategies in India in addition to various kinds of international environmental factors and market entry mode to enter in the UK market. The questions of why and how to enter in the UK market are illustrated with different market entry modes. It is found that the UK market is ease to enter for business. I compared the companys marketing mix and UKs marketing environment. I presented some recommendation to the successful Indian organization except minimum international experience for building its charisma in the UK. This case study is illustrates a trusted and well known coffee house brand Cafà © Coffee Day, and how it is possible for this to venture into one of the largest economy in the European zone , The United Kingdom. This case study describes the various marketing mix of this organization, the marketing environment of UK and the possible entry modes. Cafà © Coffee Day in India Cafà © Coffee Day (CCD) is one of the well established company and heart throb of youths in India. The headquarter is situated in Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka its a division of Amalgamated Bean Coffee Trading Company Ltd. CCD opened its first cafe in the year 1996 on the socially frequented area called Brigade Road which is located in the heart of Bangalore, now it has become the biggest retail chain of cafà ©s in India, having more than 1000 cafes in 141 cities. Cafà © Coffee Day stands out as a unique brand in India and has managed to achieve the tag of Most Trusted Brand ranking itself as second in a survey for food services conducted in 2008. Nowadays CCD plans to create big global chain by 2012-2013(Cafà © Coffee Day Official website 2010). While expanding the business in India, CCDs marketing strategy is to open a cafà © near to educational institution and corporate campuses. CCD already started to explore European market; they made their present to open coffee shops in Vienna. Cafà © coffee day is having various kinds of formats depending on the target audience. Cafà © Coffee Day Trivia C:Documents and SettingsRanjeetDesktopccd_table1.JPG (Source: website CCD Coffee Day website 2010) Cafà © Coffee Day Formats: C:Documents and SettingsRanjeetDesktopccd_table2.JPG (Source: website CCD Coffee Day website 2010) United Kingdom: United Kingdom has the sixth largest economy in the world and stands tall in list of developed countries in the European Union. UK is the home of world famous education institutes and corporate houses. Central Intelligence Agencys cites that the population of UK is 62,348,447 (July 2010), and the real GDP of the country is -5% (2009 est.). The annual report of World Bank declared that United Kingdom is ranked 4 out of 183 economies for ease of doing business. While choosing the UK market Cafà © Coffee Day needs to analysis the international marketing environments (CIA world factbook 2010). International Market Environment Brassington Pettit, (2006) argues while taking the decision to pursue international development, the company has to investigate following environmental factors. Socio cultural Environment Cultural factors Language Factors The UK population speaks various languages according to the region, Although English is the national language but CCD needs to consider Scot, Scot Gaelic, Welsh, Irish and Cornish languages as well. Religion CIA world factbook categorized religions in The UK (2001 census) (Source: CIA FactBook Website) Social factors Demographic factors and lifestyle plays very important role. According to MSI various sectors of the fast food market appeal to different age groups as a result the age profile of the UK population is significant factor affecting the demand. The urbanization of UK population is 0.5% the annual rate of change from 2005-10 and in year 2010 the population growth rate is 0.563 % (CIA World factbook). Legal Environment The UK legal system has early influences of roman and modern continental practices of law; has guidelines for the Acts of Parliament under the Human Rights Act of 1998 which have a non binding review of judicial nature; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations (CIA World factbook) International Laws The United Kingdom comes under European countrys laws and regulations, and Indian and UK participation organization like IFC, ICC etc. Technological Environment The UK is technologically advanced than the India and having wide range of internet, telephone, and mobile network. Economic Environment The UK is a leading trading power and financial centre. In India CCD does not have any rules of minimum wages but while entering in United Kingdom, Company needs to give consideration to minimum wage rule, inflation rate, unemployment rate and household income . Political Environment Political and legal factors plays an imperative role in this industry, these factors sets the rule of competition, operational cost and wages. Following points should consider while entering in the UK. Operational restrictions Discriminatory restriction Physical actions Marketing Mix of Cafà © Coffee Day The age old marketing mix, consisting of the 4Ps i.e; 1.Product 2.Price 3. Place 4. Promotion However CCD offering infrastructure, facilities, staffs, and the process from ordering the product to delivering it. This is the reason makes us to consider People, Physical evidence and Process (Brassington Pettit, 2006, P. 1063). Products Food (Source: official website of CCD) Beverages (Source: official website of CCD) Cafà © Coffee Day is offering various ranges of products, some of them already exist in UK market. The Cafà © Coffee Day adopts a product managing hindsight to distinguish each of its unique cafe which are exhibited under an umbrella of products and those can be different as per the location. For example we can introduce Masala Chai and Kashmiri Qahwah to Indian populated area. Price While considering the price mix for UK market, CCD needs to consider various factors which can play the vital role to influence the pricing strategy. Factors: Affects on the Pricing Strategy Company and Product factors Corporate and Marketing objectives The short term tactical use of pricing such as discounts, product offers, ex. McDonalds use Big Mac with fries and Coke Firm and Product positioning Available resources Marketing and Product development Market Factors Consumers perception of the product, associated expectations and the average spending ability Identifying the objectives of the existing, their upcomingstrategies and unqiue selling point Environmental Factors Government influences and constraints Level of inflation Cafà © coffee day can apply a variety of strategies, combination of affordable prices and understand consumers need in addition to estimate the competition from the major companies like Starbucks and Costa Coffee and their strength and weakness as well. Business in the UK is governed by Government regulations and inflation plays an important role running them. It is important for CCD to analyze all the important factors which i have mentioned above to integrate and coordinate pricing policies to grow in the UK (Doole Lowe, 2008, P. 383-4). Place Strategic locations of the outlets help to attract the target market by means of which Cafà © Coffee day is sustaining its business, for ex. in India their outlets are commonly situated near to family entertainment centers, educational institutes and high street. CCD can apply the same strategy in addition to it can open the outlets in city center and near to corporate offices. Promotion Cafà © Coffee Day use promotion mix in India like ties up with youth brand Levies and association in movies except as a new company in the UK; it needs to go with more options of promotions. The customer is most likely to build his/her expectations by grasping the communication messages marketing the service a business service is likely to deliver (Brassington Pettit, 2006, P. 1069). The Promotion criteria use a variety of communication and motivation techniques with adequate emphasis on the need to generate curiosity which ultimately helps the customer purchase the new product with trust (Lilly Walters1997). Following possible channels of advertising can aid CCD to realize its existence in the market. T.V. Radio Print Advertising Internet Advertising Sales Promotion (Student Concession) People The nature of Services provided depends on the various interactions between people, including Cafà © Coffee Days staff and the regular customer. The staff plays vital role to deliver the quality service, people in CCD knows People are hired for what they know but fired for how they behave. Cafà © Coffee Day believes that staff is the real face of any company so they can stress on intensive staff training to cope with customers. Physical evidence Brassington Pettit have mentioned Physical evidence comprises the tangible elements that support the service delivery, and offer clues about the positioning of the service product or give the customer something solid to take away with them to symbolized the intangible benefit they have received(2006, P.1070). Cafà © Coffee Day is well aware about the physical evidences it can be categorized by: Brand Image, Logo: Cafà © Coffee Day logo has bright red and green color which gives it a distinct appeal. Red color represents leadership, vitality and the zest for drinking coffee, whereas the strokes in green instantiates the heritage of producing coffee Architecture and Dà ©cor: Cafà © Coffee Day is using lots of young color of today like limegreen, yellow, orange and purple and lots of steel instead of wood. Literature: A youth representative image is indicated by the literature provided by Cafà © Coffee Day. The  colorful hardbound menus, placards, leaflets are all designed o appeal the younger generation who are able to emphasize with it. Processes In India earlier Cafà © Coffee Day opted on self serving system but nowadays in most of the outlets the waiter comes and takes away the order and delivers it to the particular table. While considering the UK market it can be vary according to the location for an example CCD can choose to go with self service with an outlet on Sauchihall street in Glasgow to alleviate the service provision in heavy rush and to avoid the appointment of an additional staff for servicing, thereby saving cost in process execution. Entry Mode to United Kingdom Once the company decided to enter in the UK market, it must evaluate various options on how to create an entry into the market. Different factors influence the choice of entry into the market. Brassington Pettit (2006, P.1131-2) state six main factors are as below: Speed: How quickly a company wants to penetrate into a market? Cost: How much is the initial investment required to enter into the UK market? Flexibility: How flexible is the company to adapt to the requirements of the changing market? Risk factors: Competitive and Political risk Payback period: The pressure from within the organization to produce a quick return on any foreign market investment How fast the organization operates to achieve break even on investments from foreign shores and also generate profits on the long run. Long-term profit objectives: long term strategic plan and opportunities While entering in the United Kingdom, Cafà © Coffee Day can use different entry modes for its all business divisions. Direct Export Direct exporting means that the Cafà © Coffee Day would produce FMCG products in India and then foray into a foreign venture thereby exporting it to the new found market i.e. (UK) customer without involving intermediary parties. The parent company Amalgamated Bean Coffee Trading Company Ltd is one of the biggest exporters of green coffee from India since 1999. The company having expertise in export, it will help Cafà © Coffee Day to send overseas its FMCG products like Coffee day, Cafà © Beat. Advantages Its sellers responsibility to find customers, negotiate with them and process their orders. Seller maintains complete control by selling through his own export department and sales force It helps to build up clear presence in the market Disadvantages Transportation cost will be high Dependency on Buyer (Porters 5 forces Bargaining power of Buyer ) It might creates lack of control over marketing and sales by delegating to agents Franchising Cafà © Coffee Day can consider Franchising for its Cafà © Coffee Day express and lounge which would mean that CCD is ready to grant the rights to use the multitude of marketing avenues like brand usage, trademarks and usage of products, and a franchisee mode of operation is put in place to make the local entities run the operations under the banner of CCD. Advantages It can generate franchise fee It creates Opportunities to build a broadermarket operation Disadvantages It may create quality control and protecting brand equity problem Wholly-owned Subsidiaries Cafà © Coffee Day can also be concerned about wholly-owned Subsidiaries for express and lounge division. One of the most expensive methods of market entry is using wholly owned subsidiary. It requires long term commitment from the management and resources (Doole and Lowe, 2008, P. 250). This entry method can facilitate Cafà © Coffee Day plans to create the big global chain by 2012-13, at the time of entering in the UK will send clear message about the companys agenda. Advantages Wholly own subsidiary will serve control of core competency and manufacturing method to a competitor The entry mode will assist to realize learning curve and location economies Disadvantages The entry mode will make CCD to bear full cost of establishing its own subsidiary Cafà © Coffee Day needs to study British culture, consumers and competitions Cafà © Coffee Day will have to face UK politics and laws Sales Subsidiaries Cafà © Coffee Day can think about sales subsidiaries while selling its coffee vending machines in the United Kingdom. Sales subsidiaries play no role in manufacturing the products apart from taking accountability for marketing, selling and distributing it (Brassington Pettit, 2006, P. 1138). Advantages CCD can recruit local as well as transfer staff from India It can build up closeness to the customer Transferred staff can have good expertise in the product and management knowledge Recruiting local staff will help CCD to acquire local contacts and knowledge Disadvantages CCD needs to give product and management training to local staff Transportation cost of vending machine can be high Transferred staff needs local knowledge and contacts, and expatriates cost can be high Manufacturing Subsidiaries CCD can also deliberate to establish manufacturing subsidiaries to reduce the import tariff. They can accumulate existing products in the local market or developing better products as per requirements (Brassington Pettit, 2006, P. 1139). Advantages UK government is keen to attract inward investment, it can offer incentives and grants to set up in key region This entry mode for CCD helps to reduce transportation cost in addition to CCD can export the machines to other European countries. Disadvantages This kind of operation needs to start from scratch or acquire manufacturing unit CCD needs to calculate long-term plan before investing resources Recommendations While considering Cafà © Coffee Day, its Business divisions and the United Kingdom as a potential European market I would like to present some recommendations. While studying marketing i come to know that there is no immediate or best solution for entering into a foreign market. Cafà © Coffee Day should calculate all the facts and figures regarding United Kingdom. Cafà © Coffee Day needs to consider franchising, direct export, wholly-owned subsidiaries, sales and manufacturing subsidiaries with their pros and cons. World Banks reports for doing business in the United Kingdom is positive but as a new foreign company in the market, Cafà © Coffee Day should consider to go with low investment and long term strategic goals. Cafà © Coffee Day must consider all the regulations, international laws, and culture and target customers in addition to existing competitors as well.

The Contributions of the Iroquois Essay -- Native Americans Indian Tri

The Contributions of the Iroquois The Native American Indian tribe called the Iroquois contributed greatly toward America. They have many stories about the world, and how things came to be the way they are. They have one story about the creation of the world. They use oral traditional elements in this story which is represented by nature. They also use a romantic aspect, which is represented by God’s and the super natural. In the beginning there were two worlds. The lower world, and the upper world. Everything existed in total darkness. The upper world was to hold mankind, and the lower world was where all of the monsters lived. A woman gave birth too twins. One twin was the good mind and the other was the evil mind. The good mind wanted to continue with creation, while the evil mind wanted the world to remain in it’s natural state of darkness. The good mind creates rivers, creeks, bushes, animals, and humans. This brings the oral traditional elements of their respect for nature. Mountains and valleys were created. The good mind kept destroying what ever he created for fear it was not perfect. Traces of animals from the beginning of time were left in the rocks known as fossils. The moon and the sun were created. Both the good and the evil mind attempted to create mankind. When the evil mind tries to create mankind he messes up and accidentally creates apes. When the evil mind is unable to create mankind as the good mind does, he becomes angry with him. The twin...

Information Sharing Essay

Abstract- Information sharing is a major strategy to counteract the bullwhip effect. Previous research suggested that applying different ISS(information sharing strategy) to the supply chain may improve the supply chain performance under a simplified two-level supply chain model. In this paper, we present a simulation study that investigates the effectiveness of information sharing under different information sharing strategy scenarios within a complex multi-level supply chain model. In our research, a computer model is developed to simulate the complex multi-level supply chain model. The simulation data and results analysis show both distributors and suppliers gain significantly from information sharing no matter under different information sharing strategy except retailers and different information sharing strategy has great influence on supply chain performance. Keywords- information sharing; information sharing strategy; bullwhip effect; multi-level supply chain model; simulation I. INTRODUCTION Supply chain collaboration has a major impact on an organization’s ability to meet customer needs and reduce costs, especially under demand uncertainty. It has become a research focus. While a key step in supply chain collaboration is to share information among the supply chain partners. And information sharing is also viewed as a major strategy to counteract the bullwhip effect [1,2,3,4]. So evaluating the effectiveness or the value of information sharing becomes hot issue[5,6].Previous research indicated the effectiveness of information sharing on supply chain[7]. Other research suggested that applying different ISS to the supply chain under different demand patterns may improve the supply chain performance[8,9,13,14]. But the supply chain model of their research was two-level or simplified. What’s  more their research is independent and did not connect the two factors which are information sharing and information sharing strategy. Till now, very little research has been done about the effectiveness of information sharing and whether different ISS improve the supply chain performance in complex multilevel supply chain. Z.Huang and A.Gangopadhyay[7] put forward that the inventory costs and backorder penalties are measured in evaluating the supply chain performance, but it is limited because the function is not an expression. We improve on it and put forward an approximately simplifying  expression based on it, which helps us to take a computer simulation approach in investigating the impact of information sharing among trading partners on supply chain performance in different information sharing strategies in the complex multi-level supply chain model. Z. Huang and A. Gangopadhyay[7] use a comprehensive supply chain model. In fact, their model is simplified: 1) Only two different parameters, low and high, are used to present different levels of uncertainty demand fluctuation by random number generator. 2) Their research doesn’t take into account the demand forecasting. 3) In their research different levels of inventory buffer instead of a specific inventory model are used, and they only examine three different ranges of inventory buffer levels: 100%-150%, 150%-200%, and 200%250%. In this paper, we put forward an improved multi-level supply chain model based on these unlimited. And we compare the impact of different information sharing strategy by building a new supply chain performance function. Especially we use computer program to simulate the different parameters in random number generator which are used to present different levels of uncertainty demand fluctuation under different information sharing strategy scenarios. II. INFORMATION SHARING STRATEGY IN SCM Supply chain management (SCM) is a set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, distributors and retailers, so that goods are produced, distributed and delivered at the right quantities, to the right places, and at the right time. In this part, we introduce an important problem in SCM-the bullwhip effect and the suggested solution-information sharing strategy (ISS). A. Bullwhip Effiet andInformation Sharing The Bullwhip effect is one of the most well-known problems of SCM. It refers to the amplification of demand variability resulted from the information distortion in a supply chain where companies upstream do not have information on the actual consumer demand [4]. The effects of the bullwhip effect are: large safety stock, large inventory costs, poor customer service level and inefficient resource use. Its five main causes include: 1) demand forecast update; 2) lead-time;  Authorized licensed use limited to: University Kebangsaan Malaysia. Downloaded on July 23,2010 at 04:55:55 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 3) order batching; 4) price fluctuation; and 5) shortage gaming [1, 4]. ISS has long been suggested as a method to reduce the bullwhip effect and to help match supply with demand [1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 19], especially in today’s world where IT enables the information to be shared among supply chain partners. Fisher [20] discussed the relationship among product nature, demand pattern and ISS. Tan and Wang [10] suggested that applying different ISS to the supply chain under different demand patterns may improve the supply chain performance. But the supply chain model of their research was two-level or simplified. Commonly used ISSs include: order information, demand information, shipment information, inventory information and forecast information sharing [10]. Each assumes different information policy and the information can flow upstream or downstream in the supply chain. HA3: there is positive relationship between the inventory buffer level and the effect of information sharing on the supply chain performance. HA4: there is positive relationship between the demand variability, the inventory buffer level and the effect of information sharing on the supply chain performance. Furthermore, we assume the two following hypotheses involving  the impact of information sharing on supply chain performance in different information sharing strategies: HB 1: information sharing strategy influences the supply chain performance significantly. HB2: HAl, HA2, HA3 and HA4 come into existence under different information sharing strategy including OISS, DISS and SISS. III. THE DESIGN OF MULTI-LEVEL SUPPLY CHAIN MODEL Our aim to design the multi-level supply chain model is to understand the behaviors of the supply chain and to find out the impact on supply chain performance of different ISS according to end consumers’ demand uncertainty. The performance of the system under a number of different scenarios needs to be measured, which falls into the specific field of computer simulation. B. Basic Information Sharing Strategies In this paper, we will consider three information sharing strategies, which are order information sharing strategy (OISS), demand information strategy (DISS) and sales information sharing strategy (SISS)[ll]. l)Order information sharing strategy(OISS): each tier bases its demand forecast only on the order from the lower tier but does not know other tiers’ inventory, shipment, or delivery. Under OISS, each tiers share their forecasting order information in the planning horizon from downstream to upstream besides the real order. 2)Demand information sharing strategy (DISS): each tier is provided with the real end consumer’s demand. The inventory management system used is the echelon inventory system. Under DISS, each tiers share to their forecasting net demand information with their higher tiers in the planning horizon besides the real order. 3)Shipment information sharing strategy(SISS): which means that each tiers share the historical information of real shipment information. Under SISS, upper tiers sharing their shipment information to their downstream customers can help them make their production /inventory decision. Hypotheses of Peiformances of IS andISSs The overall objective of this research is to study the value of information sharing by examining the combined effects of information sharing, demand variability, and inventory level on supply chain performance. Let Y be the supply chain performance, a be the degrees of information sharing, b be the demand variability, and c be the inventory buffer level [7]. C A. Multi-level Supply Chain Model For a traditional supply chain, each entity only interacts with its immediate upstream and downstream entities, Fig.l, and makes decision based on the information which it can attain for its own optimal goal. Our selection of the four-level information strengthened supply chain model is more generic than the two-level chain structure that is prevalent in most of the current researches. At each level, we have multiple trading partners. Each node/tier interacts with other according to the acquaintance relationship stipulated as the information and physical material flows in Fig.l. Under normal supply chain operation, each tier of the chain generates a forecast for the next period based on the demand that it faces from the previous chain tier. Using information sharing, the central warehouse of each tier has access to its customer demand data and generates its forecast according to that, bypass the information distortion caused by the stores node. We expec t that information sharing can help reducing each tier’s warehouse order oscillation and mean cycle inventory. Y = f(a,b,c) ( 1) Then we assume the four following hypotheses involving the degree of information sharing (a): HAl: there is positive relationship between the degrees of information sharing and the supply chain performance. HA2: there is positive relationship between the demand variability and the effect of information sharing on the supply chain performance.